Class 10 Social Science - Complete Notes
Chapter 1: The Rise of Nationalism in Europe
Key Concepts: French Revolution, nationalism, unification of Germany and Italy, role of revolutionaries, Balkan conflict.
- French Revolution: Spread ideas of liberty, equality, fraternity.
- Unification: Bismarck (Germany), Mazzini and Garibaldi (Italy).
- Balkan crisis: Region of intense nationalism, conflict among ethnic groups.
Chapter 2: Nationalism in India
Key Concepts: Non-cooperation, civil disobedience, role of Mahatma Gandhi, Dandi March, Quit India Movement.
- Non-Cooperation Movement (1920): Boycott of foreign goods, schools, law courts.
- Civil Disobedience (1930): Dandi March, salt law, no tax campaign.
- Quit India Movement (1942): Mass protest against British rule.
Chapter 3: The Making of a Global World
Key Concepts: Silk routes, pre-modern trade, industrial revolution, colonization, Great Depression, globalization.
- Silk Routes: Connected Asia, Europe, Africa.
- 19th Century: Industrial products, imperialism, spread of global trade.
- Post-WWI Depression: Economic collapse, protectionism.
Chapter 4: The Age of Industrialization
Key Concepts: Before factories, industrialization in Britain and India, workers’ conditions, market for goods.
- Proto-industrialization: Production before factories, rural households.
- British Industrialization: Cotton, iron, steam engine.
- Indian Context: Decline of textile industry under colonial rule.
Chapter 5: Print Culture and the Modern World
Key Concepts: Invention of printing, Gutenberg press, impact on religion, politics, literature, social reform.
- Gutenberg Press (15th century): Revolutionized communication.
- Reform Movements: Spread of ideas, newspapers, magazines.
- Freedom Struggles: Nationalist literature, political pamphlets.
Chapter 6: Resources and Development
Key Concepts: Types of resources, conservation, land use, soil types, land degradation.
- Types: Renewable, non-renewable, biotic, abiotic.
- Soil Conservation: Contour ploughing, afforestation, strip cropping.
Chapter 7: Forest and Wildlife Resources
Key Concepts: Biodiversity, conservation, endangered species, national parks, sanctuaries.
- Conservation Strategies: Biosphere reserves, wildlife sanctuaries, Project Tiger.
- Threats: Deforestation, poaching, habitat loss.
Chapter 8: Water Resources
Key Concepts: Multipurpose projects, dams, rainwater harvesting, water conservation.
- Major Projects: Bhakra Nangal, Hirakud, Sardar Sarovar.
- Problems: Displacement, ecological imbalance.
Chapter 9: Agriculture
Key Concepts: Types of farming, major crops, technological reforms, challenges.
- Types: Subsistence, commercial, plantation farming.
- Green Revolution: High-yield seeds, irrigation, fertilizers.
Chapter 10: Minerals and Energy Resources
Key Concepts: Types of minerals, distribution, conventional/non-conventional energy.
- Important Minerals: Iron, bauxite, mica.
- Renewable Energy: Solar, wind, tidal, geothermal.
Chapter 11: Manufacturing Industries
Key Concepts: Importance, types, distribution, industrial pollution, environmental degradation.
- Major Industries: Cotton, jute, iron and steel, sugar, cement.
- Challenges: Pollution, resource depletion.
Chapter 12: Lifelines of National Economy
Key Concepts: Transport, communication, trade, international trade.
- Transport: Roadways, railways, airways, waterways.
- International Trade: Exports, imports, balance of trade.
Chapter 13: Power Sharing
Key Concepts: Case studies of Belgium, Sri Lanka; importance of power sharing in democracy.
- Forms: Horizontal, vertical division of power.
- Benefits: Reduces conflict, strengthens unity.
Chapter 14: Federalism
Key Concepts: Federal structure, Indian federation, decentralization.
- Levels: Union, state, local government.
- Panchayati Raj: Village-level governance, empowerment.
Chapter 15: Gender, Religion and Caste
Key Concepts: Gender inequality, communalism, caste discrimination.
- Issues: Representation of women, religious politics, caste-based exclusion.
Chapter 16: Political Parties
Key Concepts: National/regional parties, challenges to parties, reform measures.
- Major Parties: Congress, BJP, regional parties like DMK, TMC.
- Reforms: Transparency, internal democracy.
Chapter 17: Outcomes of Democracy
Key Concepts: Accountable, responsive, legitimate government, economic outcomes, reduction of inequality.
- Success: Political equality, people’s participation.
- Challenges: Corruption, slow decision-making.
Chapter 18: Challenges to Democracy
Key Concepts: Foundational, challenge of expansion, deepening of democracy.
- Examples: Military coups, demands for greater autonomy, political reforms.